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Serious municipal protests doubled in 2011 and more than 77% of them were accompanied by violence.
This has emerged from data service Municipal IQ's latest flashpoint monitor, which has just been released.
The Western Cape took the lead for the first time, after 24% of the 160 protest actions took place in the province.
The Eastern Cape was the second worst with 14% of the protests and Gauteng, the Free State and Mpumalanga all had 12%.